CIRJE-J-181 『会計情報の有用性と企業価値評価 ―― 効率的市場仮説の再検討――』
"The Usefulness of Accounting Information and the Valuation of the Firm ―― A Reexamination of the Efficient Market Hypothesis ――"
Author Name 大日方隆(Takashi Obinata)
Date August 2007
Full Paper PDF file (only Japanese version available)
Remarks  
Abstract (Japanese) Abstract (English)

会計情報を利用して超過リターンを得られるかという会計アノマリーの探求は,実践界 では重要な価格発見(price discovery)の機能を果たす。また,会計アノマリーは,伝統的 な枠組みや理論の再検討を促す貴重な反証材料を提供する。しかし,その異常現象の観察 から,ただちに市場の非効率性や投資家の非合理性を主張するのは誤りである。そもそも, 効率的市場仮説は理念型であり,それを直接には検証できない。理念型としての効率的市 場仮説は,会計情報が公表されると,投資家が瞬時にその内容を正しく理解し,適切な対 応をとることにより,会計情報が瞬時に株価に反映されることを含意しているが,現実の 会計情報は白黒が明確なことを表現しているわけではない。したがって,異常現象のすべ てを,投資家の意思決定バイアスに帰着させようとする行動ファイナンス流の議論もまた, 誤りである。投資家は,複雑な情報環境のなかで会計情報を入手しており,その理解には, 事前情報と事後情報が必要になることを考慮して,会計情報にたいする投資家の反応を検 証すべきである。さらに,会計情報は,たとえば保守主義のような固有の特性を備えてお り,それが瞬時に正しく情報を理解するうえでの妨げとなっている可能性もある。会計情 報に固有の特性が投資家の意思決定にどのような影響をあたえるのかは,従来,会計学が 探求してきた主要な検討課題であり,その研究の重要性はますます増している。


A quest for abnormal returns by using accounting information plays an important role of 'price discovery' in the investment practice. Coincidentally, it provides valuable counter-evidence for the traditional framework and theory in the academic fields and it encourages academicians to reexamine them. However, it is a mistake to emphasize inefficiency of the market and irrationality of investors based on those observed anomalies immediately. Originally, the efficient market is the ideal type. Therefore, we cannot test it directly. The efficient market hypothesis as an ideal type implies that investors can understand accounting information accurately and response quickly and correctly and that, by investors' rational behavior, accounting information should be perfectly reflected in stock prices as soon as it is released. However, in the real world, accounting information does not always present the evident information, which investors can distinguish into good news and bad news instantaneously. Therefore, it is also a mistake to attribute all of the anomalies to the decision biases of investors though such a type of conclusion is often adopted in behavioral finance. Investors receive various accounting information in the complicated information environment. It is necessary for investors to obtain ex-ante and ex-post information for interpreting accounting information. We should investigate the market response to accounting information considering their decision process. Moreover, accounting information has the inherent attributes (or characteristics) such as conservatism. Those attributes may be obstacles for investors to understand accounting information accurately and quickly. How those attributes affect investors' decision has been the main research theme in empirical accounting research. Those studies gain more importance recently.